The cryptic lives of tiger sharks – hidden complexities and enigmatic behaviours in a three-dimensional realm (#153)
Tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) are a keystone predator in the food chains of many tropical reef systems worldwide. The development of new biologging technologies have increased our capacity to investigate the movement ecology of these animals. In May 2017, we deployed CATS camera and diary tags on 20 tiger sharks at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia for durations of 7-48 hours. The tags were clamped to the dorsal fin and recorded both physical parameters such as depth and temperature, and in situ measurements of animal trajectory and locomotion, which enabled calculation of dive geometry, swimming energetics and path tortuosity. Concurrent videos enabled behavioural validation, habitat mapping and interactions with prey to be recorded. Movements of sharks varied among habitats, with the most striking differences found between inshore (depth <25 m) and offshore environments (25-96 m depth). The amount of time spent vertically moving, dive angle, and predicted energy expenditure all increased with habitat depth. Tiger sharks displayed a high affinity for sandflat environments, where several prey species were encountered and relative energy expenditure to capture prey was predicted to decrease. Generally, our results suggests that the movements and habitat occupancy of tiger sharks conform with strategies to optimise energy conservation.